Shakespeare Cheat Sheet

A Shakespeare mini glossary

These terms help when you’re reading Shakespeare’s works to keep track of different types and parts of plays, the poetry styles Shakespeare often employed, and stage direction.

Blank verse: Poetry in which the lines do not rhyme. Shakespeare used a mixture of prose, rhymed verse, and blank verse in his plays, but mostly he used blank verse.

Comedy: A play in which the heroes do not die, but usually get married. Most comedies are light-hearted, but a few are somber until the final scene, when everyone is reconciled.

Couplet: A pair of lines that rhyme. A couplet often marks the end of a scene or act.

Exeunt (“eg-ZOONT”): Plural form of exit, used in stage directions when many people leave the stage at once.

Flourish: A stage direction for a fanfare of drums and trumpets, usually announcing the entrance or exit of a king or queen.

History: A play that recounts historical events. Shakespeare’s history plays are historical fiction. He altered time, people, and events.

Iambic pentameter: A form of verse in which every other syllable is stressed (as in “dah-DUM”) and each line contains five stressed syllables.

quatrain: A stanza of four lines, usually rhyming on alternate lines.

rhyme royal: A verse form of seven-line stanzas rhyming in the pattern ababbcc.

Sennet: A stage direction for a trumpet fanfare, like a flourish.

Soliloquy: A monologue that reveals a character’s inner thoughts and feelings.

Sonnet: A poem of 14 lines that follows a particular rhyme scheme. Shakespeare included sonnets in a few of his plays, and he wrote 154 sonnets as a series. Most of Shakespeare’s sonnets rhyme in the pattern abab cdcd efef gg.

Tragedy: A play in which the hero has a character flaw, such as pride, that leads to his death.

Shakespeare's plays

This list breaks down Shakespeare’s plays by type. You’ll also get a brief summary of each play by Shakespeare, if you need help remembering what a specific play is about.

Comedies

All’s Well That Ends Well: Bertie runs away to avoid his new wife, Helena, but she follows him and tricks him into being her faithful husband.

As You Like It: A romp in the Forest of Arden, where everyone falls in love.

The Comedy of Errors: Two sets of twins turn the town of Ephesus upside down.

Cymbeline: A jealous husband believes a false story about his wife. She runs away and meets her long-lost brothers.

Love’s Labour’s Lost: The King of Navarre and his court try to study in seclusion but succumb to the temptations of love.

Measure for Measure: Power corrupts Angelo, the substitute duke, who tries to seduce the sister of a condemned man.

The Merchant of Venice: Moneylender Shylock tries to recover his “pound of flesh” collateral for a loan.

The Merry Wives of Windsor: Sir John Falstaff puts the moves on the Merry Wives, who turn the tables on him.

A Midsummer Night’s Dream: Mix-and-match couples in the woods near Athens. “Lord, what fools these mortals be!”

Much Ado About Nothing: Claudio loves Hero. Benedick doesn’t like Beatrice. Then Claudio hates Hero, and Benedick loves Beatrice. Eventually, everyone gets married.

Pericles: Pericles lives, loves, loses, and regains his family while touring the Mediterranean Sea.

The Taming of the Shrew: Petruchio “tames” his wife, Katherina.

The Tempest: Prospero uses magic to reclaim his dukedom and find a husband for his daughter, Miranda.

Troilus and Cressida: In ancient Troy, Troilus and Cressida vow undying love, which dies all too quickly.

Twelfth Night: Orsino loves Olivia. Olivia loves Cesario. Cesario is really Viola, who loves Orsino.

The Two Gentlemen of Verona: Nothing can come between best friends Valentine and Proteus, except a girl, Sylvia.

The Two Noble Kinsmen: Two brothers fight for love in ancient Greece.

The Winter’s Tale: Jealous husband Leontes drives away his wife, children, and best friend.

Histories

King John: John turns over England to the Pope.

King Richard II: Henry Bolingbroke deposes King Richard and becomes King Henry IV.

King Henry IV, Part 1: Henry wonders why his son can’t be more like that nice Hotspur boy, until Hotspur rebels against the king.

King Henry IV, Part 2: Henry’s son Hal continues to act up, and rebels still threaten the throne, but Hal comes out all right in the end and becomes King Henry V.

King Henry V: Henry invades France.

King Henry VI, Part 1: Joan of Arc leads the French army against England. The Houses of York and Lancaster start a spat that lasts through the next three plays.

King Henry VI, Part 2: Peasants and the House of York rebel against King Henry.

King Henry VI, Part 3: The House of York deposes King Henry, despite help from France. Edward, son of

the Duke of York, takes the throne as King Edward IV.

King Richard III: Edward’s brother, Richard, kills everyone in his way and seizes the throne, only to lose it and his life.

King Henry VIII: King Henry divorces his wife, starts a new church, remarries, and fathers a daughter who becomes Queen Elizabeth I.

Tragedies

Antony and Cleopatra: Antony tries to balance love and war but sacrifices everything for love.

Coriolanus: Rome’s best general feels slighted, so he switches sides.

Hamlet: A young prince plans revenge against his murdering uncle.

Julius Caesar: Brutus and others kill Caesar to prevent him from becoming king.

King Lear: Lear gives up his kingdom to his daughters and then gives up his mind.

Macbeth: Witches’ prophecies prompt Macbeth to seize the throne of Scotland.

Othello: Iago preys on Othello’s jealousy and drives him to murder.

Romeo and Juliet: Forbidden love tempts and destroys a young couple.

Timon of Athens: Overgenerous Timon learns who his true friends are when he runs out of money.

Titus Andronicus: Bloody revenge in ancient Rome, with the emphasis on bloody.

Iambic Pentameter

What is iambic pentameter?

Iambic pentameter is a line of verse that can be found in poetry and typical English verse drama. The term refers to the rhythm or meter that is established within that line.

How do you write in iambic pentameter?

Iambic 'pentameter' refers to the number five, just like a pentagon. When lines of text are written in this form, they have five 'feet', each composed of one unstressed and one stressed syllable. This is known as writing in blank verse. Without this, writing is simply called prose.

Her vestal livery is but sick and green
And none but fools do wear it; cast it off.

- William Shakespeare,Romeo and Juliet

What is the purpose of iambic pentameter?

Iambic pentameter is a pleasing rhythm that's used for emphasis on a certain syllable within a word. Its purpose is to engage an audience and to influence a poetic stance to creative writing. It's one of the most popular forms of poetry due to its simple and effective structure.

Most poetry uses stress on words, letters or tone of voice. This is why iambic pentameter fits in so well to this concept.

Identifying iambic pentameter

Within the English language, syllables are used to split up words into digestible chunks. We often call these groups "feet". Within iambic pentameter, "iamb" is used to un-stress a syllable, then stress the following longer syllable.
There are typically five "feet" within iambic pentameter.
When writing in this structure, it should sound like the sentence has a rhythm.
Often this is described as alike to the human heartbeat: da-DUM. This is a short beat (short syllable) followed by a louder beat (longer syllable). So the sentence should sound as follows: da-DUM, da-DUM, da-DUM, da-DUM, da-DUM.
Identifying an iambic pentameter is simple, as it is shown in many classical English novels and plays. Shakespeare for example often rhymed or used iambic pentameter for emphasis.
There is more than just 'pentameter' there is also tetrameter (four feet), hexameter (six feet) and a trimeter (three feet). However, iambic pentameter is the most famous due to Shakespeare's influence.

How can I introduce iambic pentameter into the classroom?

Showing children iambic pentameter and using it to influence their writing can be a complicated task, as it's quite a difficult concept to grasp. Using interactive word sheets and having a firm understanding of Shakespeare's usage of rhythmic poetry may help in their engagement of the task.

Why not encourage them to write their own iambic pentameter lines with a scenario for them to adhere to for some structure. Such as:

What they had for breakfast/lunch/dinner.
Explain a favourite hobby, writing two lines of iambic pentameter.
Prompt your students to write about an interest, e.g. favourite animals, musician/band or place.
For an extra challenge... Can your students explain iambic pentameter,iniambic pentameter?